NISC | 研究冷战宣传？书单在这，拿走不谢！

张译允

冷战时期的宣传体系 · 研究书单━━━━━冷战时期的宣传主要指的是1947年至1991年之间，美国为主的资本主义阵营与苏联为主的社会主义阵营之间的开展的在意识形态领域的针对性行动。在整个冷战时期，公开外交、军事对抗受到限制，心理宣传战因其独特优势而迅速发展。公开和隐蔽的宣传与心理战、情报战、隐蔽战等准军事手段密切配合，成为美苏对抗的最常用对抗手段之一。本文对冷战宣传的相关研究专著进行了梳理，供有兴趣的学者参考。━━━━━

一、冷战的起源与宣传战地位的确立
冷战宣传继承了两次世界大战心理战的战时调度机制，但是战略地位更显要、持续时间更长久、波及领域更广泛。美国的冷战宣传体系由杜鲁门奠基，艾森豪威尔完善并达到高峰，肯尼迪、尼克松、福特、卡特分别在不同领域强化和完善，并在里根时期再次达到激烈对抗。关于在宣传战和心理战冷战期间在美国战略地位的确立过程，以下书目可供参考：1. Scott Lucas, Freedom's War: The American Crusade Against the Soviet Union, NYU Press, 1999.2. Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture, and the Cold War, Palgrave Macmillan, 1998.3. Lara A. Belmonte, Selling the American way: U.S. propaganda and the Cold War, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010. 4. Kenneth Osgood, Total Cold War: Eisenhower's Secret Propaganda Battle at Home and Abroad, Univ Pr of Kansas, 2006. 5. Peter Romijin, Giles Scott-Smith, Joes Segal, Divided Dreamworlds?: The Cultural Cold War in East and West, Amsterdam University Press, 2012.6. Thomas C. Sorensen, Word War: The Story of American Propaganda, Joanna Cotler Books, 1968.

二、美国主要冷战宣传战机构
美国中情局（CIA）和美国新闻署（USIA）是美国冷战对外宣传最重要的协调机构。肇始于美国国家安全委员会（NSC，1947年成立）的最初界定，冷战期间的公开宣传主要由USIA负责，而隐蔽宣传则由CIA负责。其中，USIA源自二战的战时情报局，在艾森豪威尔时期正式成立。此后近40年间，美国新闻署成为美国意识形态对抗的CEO。关于这两个机构的研究比较有代表性的有：1. Robert E. Elder, Information Machine: The United States Information Agency and American Foreign Policy, Syracuse Univ Pr, 1968.2. Wilson P. Dizard, Erwin D.Canham, The Strategy of Truth: The Story of The U.S. Information Service, Literary Licensing, 2012.3. Fitzhugh Green, American Propaganda Abroad, Hippocrene Books, 19884. Wilson P Jr Dizard, Inventing Public Diplomacy: The Story of the U.S. Information Agency, Lynne Rienner Pub, 2004.5. Alvin A. Snyder, Warriors of Disinformation: How Lies, Videotape, and the USIA Won the Cold War, Arcade Publishing, 2012.6. Hugh Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America, Harvard University Press, 2009.以下几本关于最后五年的USIA：7. Allen C Hansen, USIA: Public Diplomacy in the Computer Age, Praeger, 1989. 8. NA NA, Communicating with the World: U. S. Public Diplomacy Overseas, Palgrave Macmillan, 1990.9. Donna Vincent Roa, Propaganda, Public Diplomacy & Idea Invasion: The Story of USIA's Worldnet, Vincent Roa Group, LLC, 2016.关于两位杜勒斯的研究，可以管窥美国冷战时期的战略部署。约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯（John Foster Dulles）是艾森豪威尔时期的美国国务卿，冷战初期美国外交政策的主要制定者。而艾伦·威尔逊·杜勒斯（Allen Welsh Dulles）则是时任美国中央情报局长。10.   Stephen Kinzer, The Brothers: John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, and Their Secret World War, St. Martin's Griffin, 2014.

三、冷战宣传与美国大众媒体美国的大众媒体，尤其是广播，在建立国内冷战共识和分化对立阵营中冲锋陷阵，立下汗马功劳。关于广播媒体的研究很多，同质性高，以下几本可以基本概括现有研究成果：1. Arch Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, University Press of Kentucky, 2003.2. Michael Nelson, War of the Black Heavens: The Battles of Western Broadcasting in the Cold War, Syracuse University Press, 1997.3. Richard H. Cummings, Cold War Radio: The Dangerous History of American Broadcasting in Europe, 1950-1989, McFarland, 2009.4. Gary D. Rawnsley, Radio Diplomacy and Propaganda: The BBC and VOA in International Politics, 1956-64, Palgrave Macmillan, 1996 1st edition, 2015.以下专注美国之音的研究：5. Laurien Alexandre, Voice of America: From Detente to the Reagan Doctrine, Ablex Pub, 1989.6. Alan L. Heil Jr., Alan Heil, Voice of America - A History, Columbia University Press, 2003.以下关于美国之音的国内宣传：7. David F. Krugler, The Voice of America and the Domestic Propaganda Battles, 1945-1953, University of Missouri, 2000. 以下关于欧洲自由电台：8. R. Eugene Parta, Discovering the Hidden Listener: An Empirical Assessment of Radio Liberty and Western Broadcasting to the USSR during the Cold War, Hoover Institution Press, 2007.9. A. Ross Johnson, Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty: The CIA Years and Beyond, Stanford University Press, 2010.以下关于印刷媒体与冷战：10. Greg Barnhisel, Catherine Turner, Pressing the Fight: Print, Propaganda, and the Cold War, University of Massachusetts Press, 2012.在美国，电视媒体是国内冷战动员的重要传播手段：11. Bernhard, Nancy E., U.S. television news and Cold War propaganda, 1947-1960, Cambridge University Press, 2003.12. Thomas Doherty, Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, Mc Carthyism, and American Culture, Columbia University Press, 2005.

四、全面文化冷战的开展美国的冷战宣传又被部分学者称为“文化冷战”。
在这场战争中，两大阵营尤其是美国，调动了所有的文化领域参与其中，试图不战而胜，占领对方的意识形态阵地。斯大林的去世是冷战宣传的重要转折点。此后，苏联领导人主动要求缓和美苏关系，美苏3个文化交流协议陆续签订。正是在此后，文化和人员交流开始称为冷战宣传的重要方式，也为冷战后美国公共外交体系的形成奠定了基础。以下关于文化冷战的总体形态：1. Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper?: CIA and the Cultural Cold War, Granta Books, 2000. 本书中文译名为《文化冷战与中央情报局》，国际文化出版公司，译者曹大鹏，2002。2. Frances Stonor Saunders, The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters, The New Press, 2013.2.      3. Stephen J. Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. 4. Gregory Mitrovich, Undermining the Kremlin: America's Strategy to Subvertthe Soviet Bloc, 1947–1956, Cornell University Press,2000.5. Justin Hart, Empire of Ideas: The Origins of Public Diplomacy and the Transformation of U.S. Foreign Policy, Oxford University Press, 2013. 电影与文化冷战：
6. Tony Shaw, Denise J. Youngblood, Cinematic Cold War: The American and Soviet Struggle for Hearts and Mind, University Press of Kansas, 2014.7. Tony Shaw, Hollywood's Cold War, University of Massachusetts Press, 2007.8. Nora Sayre, Running Time: Films of the Cold War, Doubleday, 1982.艺术与文化冷战：9. Michael L. Krenn, Fall-Out Shelters for the Human Spirit: American Art and the Cold War, The University of North Carolina Press, 2005.10. Simo Mikkonen, Pekka Suutari, Music, Art and Diplomacy: East-west Cultural Interactions and the Cold War New edition, Ashgate Pub Co, 2016.爵士乐与文化冷战：11. Penny M. Von Eschen, Satchmo Blows Up the World: Jazz Ambassadors Play the Cold War, Harvard University Press, 2006.12. Uta G. Poiger, Jazz, Rock, and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany, University of California Press, 2000.舞蹈与文化冷战：13. Naima Prevots, Dance for Export: Cultural Diplomacy and the Cold War, Wesleyan, 1999.14. Clare Croft, Dancers as Diplomats: American Choreography in Cultural Exchange, Oxford University Press, 2015.15. David Caute, The Dancer Defects: the struggle for cultural supremacy during the Cold War, Oxford University Press, 2005.文化展览与冷战：16. Jack Masey, Conway Lloyd Morgan, Cold War Confrontations: US Exhibitions and their Role in the Cultural Cold War 1st Edition, Lars Müller Publishers, 2008.奥运会与美苏对抗：17. Toby C Rider, Cold War Games: Propaganda, the Olympics, and U.S. Foreign Policy, University of Illinois Press, 2016.18. P. D'Agati, The Cold War and the 1984 Olympic Games: A Soviet-American Surrogate War, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.   
海报、流行文化与冷战宣传：19. Steven Heller, Michael Barson, Red Scared!: The Commie Menace in Propaganda and Popular Culture, Chronicle Books, 2001.20. David Crowley, Posters of the Cold War, V & A Publishing, 2008.家居、厨房和冷战宣传：21. Greg Castillo, Cold War on the Home Front: The Soft Power of Midcentury Design, University Of Minnesota Press, 2010.    22. Ruth Oldenziel, Karin Zachmann, Cold War Kitchen: Americanization, Technology, and European Users, The MIT Press, 2011.23. Sarah T. Phillips, Shane Hamilton, The Kitchen Debate and Cold War Consumer Politics: A Brief History with Documents, Bedford/St. Martin's, 2014.  

五、全民动员：儿童、大学生、学术界与冷战
全民动员是冷战对抗的重要特征。在冷战期间，儿童、大学生社团也不可避免的成为“文化十字军”中的一员。这方面颇有价值的研究有：1. Margaret E. Peacock, Innocent Weapons: The Soviet and American Politicsof Childhood in the Cold War, The University of North Carolina Press, 2014.2. Karen M Paget, Patriotic Betrayal: The Inside Story of the CIA’s Secret Campaign to Enroll American Students in the Crusade Against Communism, Yale University Press, 2015.美国学术研究全面冷战化：3. Michael E. Latham, Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and "Nation Building" in the Kennedy Era, The University of North Carolina Press, 2000. 中文本翻译为《作为意识形态的现代化：社会科学与美国对第三世界政策》。4. Christopher Simpson, Science of Coercion: Communication Research and Psychological Warfare, 1945-1960, Isha Books, 2013.5. David C. Engerman, Know Your Enemy: The Rise and Fall of America's Soviet, Oxford University Press, 2011.探讨冷战期间美国关于苏联研究的兴衰

六、苏联的冷战宣传（欢迎补充）
相比美国，苏联的冷战宣传相对被动，并且更多着眼于防止西方思潮入侵的防守型宣传。受限于资料解密和语言的限制，这方面专著列举的较少，欢迎补充。1. Vladislav Zubok, Constantine Pleshako, Inside the Kremlin's Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev, Harvard University Press,1997.2. Benjamin Peters, How Not to Network a Nation: The Uneasy History of the Soviet Internet, MIT Press, 2016. 探讨苏联互联网在冷战期间的发展3. Peter Finn, Petra Couvée, The Zhivago Affair: The Kremlin, the CIA, and the Battle Over a Forbidden Book, Vintage, 2014. 探讨苏联的冷战禁书如何被美国用于冷战宣传。4. Jonathan Haslam, Near and Distant Neighbors: A New History of Soviet Intelligence, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015.

七、面向全球的冷战宣传冷战宣传并非只针对敌对国家，而是针对全世界范围内有对立意识形态潜在可能的任何国家、任何政党、任何组织。
从这个意义上，冷战没有所谓真正意义上的盟国。如果说冷战宣传最激烈的公开对抗是在欧洲，那么最隐蔽的争夺则是在第三世界国家。以下书目涵盖西欧、日本、拉丁美洲、非洲、澳大利亚等国家和地区冷战宣传的分析：1. Greg Barnhisel, Cold War Modernists: Art, Literature, and American Cultural Diplomacy, Columbia University Press, 2015. 本书探讨美国对西欧文化外交。2. Christopher Endy, Cold War Holidays: American Tourism in France, The University of North Carolina Press, 2004. 本书研究冷战与法国的节日。3. Stephen Gundle, Between Hollywood and Moscow: The Italian Communists and the Challenge of Mass Culture, 1943–1991, Duke University Press Books, 2000. 冷战期间美国对意大利共产党的隐蔽行动直接阻碍了意大利共产党的上台，也被认为是美国在西欧心理战的首次成功试验。本书正是关于意大利共产党如何应对美国冷战宣传的专著。4. (日) 渡边靖著 金琮轩译，美国文化中心：美国的国际文化战略，商务印书馆，2015年。本书涉及美国对日冷战宣传。5. Philip M. Taylor, British Propaganda in the Twentieth Century: Selling Democracy, Edinburgh University Press, 1999. 本书探讨英国的冷战宣传体系。6. Tony Shaw, British Cinema and the Cold War: The State, Propaganda and Consensus, I. B. Tauris, 2006. 本书探讨英国电影与冷战宣传。7. Reinhold Wagnleitner, Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria After the Second World War, The University of North Carolina Press, 1994. 本书探讨澳大利亚冷战宣传。8. Patrick Iber, Neither Peace nor Freedom: The Cultural Cold War in Latin America, Harvard University Press, 2015. 本书探讨拉丁美洲地区的文化冷战。9. James Vaughan, The Failure of American and British Propaganda in the Arab Middle East, 1945-1957: Unconquerable Minds, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. 本书探讨美英在中东地区的冷战宣传。10. Young-sun Hong, Cold War Germany, the Third World, and the Global Humanitarian Regime, Cambridge University Press, 2015. 本书探讨美苏如何利用人权援助项目在第三世界竞争。
11. Mary L Dudziak, Exporting American Dreams: Thurgood Marshall's African Journey, Oxford University Press, 2008. 本书探讨美国民权运动与非洲冷战宣传。12. Caroline Page, US Propaganda During the Vietnam War, Bloomsbury T & T Clark, 1998.13. William M. Hammond, Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1962-1968, Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2015. 以上两本书分析美国新闻署和越南战争的关系。

八、部分中文专著举例1. 毕波，美国之音透视，青岛出版社，1991年。2. 史澎海，“第四种武器”冷战期间美国对中东国家的心理战研究，陕西人民出版社，2015年。3. 于群 主编，新冷战史研究：美国的心理宣传战和情报战，上海三联书店，2009年。4. 白建才，“第三种选择”-冷战期间美国对外隐蔽行动战略研究，人民出版社，2012年。5. 韩召颖，输出美国 美国新闻署与美国公共外交，天津人民出版社，2000年。6. 张晓霞等，从“硬”传播到“软”渗透-评冷战时期美国对外宣传战略的转变，陕西人民出版社，2008年。7. 贵志俊彦等，美国在亚洲的文化冷战，稻香出版社，2012年。

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